Using a parallel plotter (preferably with rollers), draw a straight line from your departure point to your destination, or the first turn in your course. Draw as many course lines as you need to complete your trip. Lay one edge of the parallel rulers along the line you drew. 1.Plot target position X at 6 minute intervals (= 0.1 hour) 2.First plot =O (Original) 3.Last plot = A (Actual) This gives the RELATIVE COURSE of the target Our boat is travelling up the screen, so we need to take away our speed from the target. Draw O – W: the distance we travel in 12 minutes O - W = the WAY of our boat.
An Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) in excel version - Marine freeware software
The officer on watch must be able to maneuver the ship in any conditions: adverse weather and sea conditions, high-density traffic areas. He must be able to navigate 'blind' too.
This software allows students, Cadets, Officers and Captains to verify the correct execution of drawings and calculations on the maneuvering board to have all the movement data of the ships in the area. The file allows them to simulate all evasive maneuvers and within few seconds to choose the most suitable maneuver.
The software concurrently supplies all information of 5 targets for anti-collision decision making. Of course the most important data is the CPA (closest point of approach).
The course provides training in the basic theory and use of radar for officers in charge of a navigational watch. It is based in the guidance on training in radar observation and plotting and the operational use of ARPA in section B-I/12 of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for sea goers, as amended in STCW.
The officer will obtain the following data for each vessels :
- CPA - closest point of approach
- TCPA - Time to CPA
- RML - Relative Motion Line
- SRM - Speed of relative motion
- Direction - True course of the vessel
- Speed - Speed of the vessel
“ Radar sheet “
After having collected the data of the target/vessel in two different times at least 6 minutes apart :
- Time 1 : bearing 1 & range 1
- Time 2 : bearing 2 & range 2
the user will need to enter in cells with a green background :
true course and speed of own ship:
for each target: time, bearing and range
Time (separator symbol between hours and minutes): be careful to entertwo dots 16:15 or dot (16.15) using the editing keys according to the operating system (OS) and not the dot in the numeric keypad !
a partial look at the Radar Screen:
CPA (closest point of approach), TCPA (Time to CPA), RML (Relative Motion Line), Relative Speed, Direction (True course of the vessel) and Speed of the vessel are immediately displayed !
' EvasiveAction sheet '
It allows to perform trial maneuvers, including speed changes, course changes, and combined course/speed changes.
In this sheet the officer can simulate the 'anti-collision' maneuver by entering hour / minute of the maneuver, new true course and new speed of own ship:
Default Action Time : it is the time of the last radar observation incremented by one minute (the user can still modify it).
On the right side of the sheet : the Maneuvering Board after the ' Evasive Action ' :
All new data of vessels will be displayed:
- The length of the vectors indicating the true course of the targets is not proportional to their speed.
- The distance scale is fixed at 1: 1
- Speed scale: the default setting is to 2: 1 on either the 'Radar' sheet or the 'EvasiveAction' sheet (user can set it to 1: 1).
For further notice see Notes sheet in the file.
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EPA (Electronic Plotting Aid) or ATA (Automatic Tracking Aid) or ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) ?
General Rules : Equipments
All passenger ships and ships between 300 and 500 gt (gross tonnage) : 1 radar (X-Band) at least with an Electronic Plotting Aid (EPA) allowing electronic plotting of at least 10 targets (without an automatic tracking )
Ships over 500gt: the ATA equipment operates with an automatic tracking
Ships over 3000gt: 2 Radars fitted with an ATA. The ATAs must be independent of each other. Radars 2 operating in S-Band
Ships over 10.000gt : 2 radars - Radar 1 equipped with ARPA ( manual and automatic acquisition, at least 20 targets, automatic tracking and target information for for anti-collision decision making displayed. Radar 2 equipped with ATA or ARPA.
Radar Plotting Exercises Definition
An outstanding synergy between a skilled programmer (of Dutch origin living in Indonesia) and a professional navigator (Italian) have led to the publication of this program in excel. About two months of work by Mr. Schaap for analysis, development and testing with daily contacts between Indonesia and Italy led to numerous 'alpha versions' after the release of the 'final version'. Jelle Schaap has been able to grasp and interpret the needs of those who go by sea: to him the merit of the realization of this project.
Training questions
Please try to answer some of the more frequently asked training questions in written form.
In answering these questions perhaps you could print out this page.
Radar Plotting Exercises Pdf
Please respond to these specific questions about radar basics. The reasonable time to frame the answers is about 30 minutes. You can use a pocket calculator, but the chosen here numerical examples are optimized to perform with mental arithmetic.
Radar Plotting Exercises Worksheet
- Specify the flow of radar signals from the originating device in radar set to the users display!
- Describe the field of functions of a duplexer and state a case on that condition radar can work without a duplexer.
- A frequency-diversity radar with two identically transmitters use one transmitter only.
- Please calculate the decreasing the range of the radar (without consideration of the fluctuation loss) according to the radar equation.
- How the additional influence of the fluctuation loss affect the radar range tendentiously?
- The transmitters pulse width of a pulse radar is 1,5 µs and the duplexers recovery time is 0,5 µs. How far-off the antenna an airplane must be located at the least as to be detected by the radar?